Maybe my case can help with Simodrive 611. I had a lathe with the same driver. Personally, I think that the problem is not in the Mesa cards or the encoder. I did retrofit in mach3. I had the same problem when you put a little more speed (I almost died the first time) You need to look at the maximum speed that is put in simodrive (9000rpm in my case)
then I reduced the drive settings to max 4000rpm (and at 10v it really was that much..but as the analog output exceeds 5-7 v simodrive raises the max speed (which I think happens to you too) in the end I tried more cards with analog output as well as the battery at 9v the same happens so at 9v and at 10v it rises to maximum.in the end I installed a potentiometer on the analog output and manually blocked it to 5v which gave me 2000rpm enough for what I was doing on that lathe. There is a problem in Simodrive itself. I don't understand much about pwm and other things, but Simodrive itself definitely has a problem. I sold the lathe and the new owner accepted the situation as it is. Greeting