Keeping track of where the cnc is

I would like to keep track of where my cnc is. the absolute optimum would be one or more funktions of time to position. i need it to have corrosponding Values for a sensor (its a distance sensor for welding, able to samle at 50 100 and 200 hz).
I didn´t found a lot about similar aprotches online. probably the closest on is

with the only differenc that i dont want to accually stop for the mesurements i´d like to do the mesurements while the cnc is moving.
also an importent point is i can´t controll the sonsor from the computer i´m running linux cnc on, but i found plenty of information on remote accses so i´m planing to run my from a second pc, the one im controlling the sensor from.
If any of you could point out a site where i can read about such an proach or has any idea how to realise it that would be realy nice. (im also happy with evey different solution the solves the problem, or aproaches that are close to mine)
thanks for your help in advance
Daniel