Hi all just wanted to give a quick followup:
I used KVM + virt-manager to try the ISO I downloaded, and it worked! I could install without problems this time to the virtual machine, further strengthening the hypothesis of the bad USB. At the same time my new usb drive arrived. Followed the same steps as before, I now managed to complete the full installation.
Summary: Even though the USB stick was able to upload Ubuntu 20.04 to a machine (and still is), it didn't manage to do Debian 12. Switching to a new usb stick solved the problem.
Many thanks for the replies. The next step in my journey will be obtaining an appropriate ethercat servo driver