Not sure if I would Modbus to control a spindle, due to safety concerns. I would probably use a StepGen, if you have one available (un-used).
Nevertheless, if I play with a new Modbus device I usually start with the command line tool "modpoll" - link below, to see if the communication is good, I can read the register etc.
Make sure that you have read access to your /dev/ttyUSB0 device.
Create a new udev rule, like below and reload the rule-set or reboot.
cnc@lcnc-dev:/etc/udev/rules.d$ cat 50-myusb.rules
KERNEL=="ttyUSB[0-9]*",MODE="0666"
KERNEL=="ttyACM[0-9]*",MODE="0666"
cnc@lcnc-dev:/etc/udev/rules.d$ sudo udevadm control --reload
www.modbusdriver.com/modpoll.html
Once you can communicate with the drive, you can look into Modbus2HAL or ClassicLadder.
A servo spindle control via Modbus is very manual and not well documented/used. There are usually dedicated components for VFD control via Modbus, but you can't use them or would need to modify them for your use case.
What other hardware/options do you have available beside Modbus?